Electrochemical Immunosensors for Disease Detection and Diagnosis.

The detection of biological molecules referred as biomarkers in biological fluids is fundamental in clinical analysis because it permits to discriminate between healthy and ill individuals and to evaluate the progress of a disease. The ability to identify a disease at an early stage and/or with high precision is a primary element of successful therapeutic treatment, resulting in an improved life quality for individuals and in less social impact or cost of the health system. The development of immunosensors for the detection and monitoring of biomarkers is currently a major area of research and, as more markers are discovered and their role in disease becomes better understood, this will continue to grow. The success of these biosensors is largely due to the properties of the antibodies used to capture and detect the analyte, because of the high sensitivity and specificity of immunoglobulins. Herein, we report the research progresses of electrochemical immunosensors applied in clinical analysis that have been published in the last years. Particularly, we focus our attention on the biomarker determination for diagnosis of malignant, cardiac and autoimmune diseases.