Carotid intimal-medial thickness and stiffness are not affected by hypercholesterolemia in uncomplicated essential hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To define: (1) the prevalence of and (2) factors associated with undertreatment of hypertension in older persons; and (3) the prevalence of specific drug regimens and reasons for their selection. PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional survey of persons aged > or =65 years living in Dicomano, Italy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of untreated and uncontrolled hypertension, both defined on the basis of two blood pressure (BP) cut-off points (> or =140/90 and > or =160/90 mm Hg) and of the presence of pharmacological treatment Predictors of undertreatment were analysed for the higher BP cut-off only. RESULTS: Five hundred of 692 (72.3%) and 380/692 (54.9%) participants met the 140/90 and the 160/90 mm Hg BP criterion, respectively. Of the latter, 162 (42.6%) were untreated, 119 (31.3%) had uncontrolled and 99 (26.1%) controlled hypertension. Women [odds ratio (OR), 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-0.7], participants with coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), stroke (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7), and preserved cognitive status (Mini Mental State Examination score >21: 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7) were more frequently treated. Uncontrolled hypertension was less likely in women (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0) and CAD patients (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors (55%), calcium (Ca)-antagonists (31%) and diuretics (20%) were the drugs most commonly prescribed. ACE-inhibitors were preferred, and diuretics rarely used, in diabetic subjects. Ca- antagonists were used mostly in CAD participants. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is undertreated in the majority of noninstitutionalized older adults, especially in men with impaired cognition and no vascular disease. Drug regimens are mostly based on ACE-inhibitors and Ca- antagonists, as a result of associated clinical conditions, requiring individualized treatment