Combined finite–discrete numerical modeling of runout of the Torgiovannetto di Assisi rockslide in Central Italy

The combined finite–discrete-element method (FDEM) is an advanced and relatively new numerical modeling technique that combines the features of the FEM with those of the discrete-element method. It simulates the transition of brittle geomaterials from continua to discontinua through fracture growth, coalescence, and propagation. With FDEM, it is possible to simulate landslides from triggering to runout and carry out landslide scenario analyses, the results of which can be successively adopted for cost-effective early warning systems. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of the FDEM simulations of the triggering mechanism and the evolution scenarios of the Torgiovannetto di Assisi rockslide (central Italy), a depletedlimestone quarry face where a rock wedge with an approximate volume of 182,000 m3 liesinlimit equilibrium conditions, posing relevantissuesinterms of civil protection. The results obtained demonstrate that the FDEM is able to realistically simulate the different phases of such a complex slope’s failure as well as to estimate both its runout distances and velocity, key features for landslide risk assessment, and management.