Climate signatures through Marine Isotope Stage 19 in the Montalbano Jonico section (Southern Italy): A land–sea perspective.

A multi-proxy record based on calcareous plankton, dinocysts, pollen, mineralogy and grain size has been acquired from the “Ideale” section, the portion of Montalbano Jonico succession (Southern Italy) that could host the GSSP for the Middle Pleistocene. The direct correlation between marine and terrestrial proxies provides a valuable indication of atmospheric and oceanic connections. The record shows a distinct climate variability well expressed by the vegetational changes, sediment input into the basin and sea surface–water modifications. Biotic proxies indicate that, during the study interval, periods of prevailing subpolar/transitional surface–water conditionswere concurrent with steppe and halophytic vegetation. Erosional processes on the hillslopes and terrigenous supply, during these periods, were likely favored due to reduced arboreal vegetation, as attested to by sediment composition and pollen assemblages. Temperate/subtropical surface water conditions were concomitant with prevalent expansions of thermophilous arboreal plants and moister conditions on land, which likely promoted chemical weathering leading to an enhanced supply of kaolinite and smectite in the basin. A relationship between mineral content and the nature of the outcropping units in the source area, aswell as sea-level fluctuations, has also been considered. A well-defined period of polar–subpolar water incursion, ranging from 793.2 ka to 788.1 ka, matches the major expansion of steppic vegetation on land and the increase of terrigenous supply into the basin. It likely represents the local response to North Atlantic ice-rafted debris deposition. Shortlived warming/cooling episodes punctuate the latest part of MIS 20 and are tentatively correlated with analogue climate phases predating MIS 1 inception. Full interglacial conditions of MIS 19c, lasting 10.6 kyr, started at 784.3 ka andwere characterized bywarm, oligotrophic and stratified surface–waters coupledwith forest expansion, suggesting prevalent warm and humid conditions on land. A potential sapropel-like interval is identified withinMIS 19c and correlated to i-cycle 74. The MIS 19c/19b transition is marked, at 773.2 ka, by the reestablishment of millennial-scale variability, similarly to North Atlantic marine and ice-core records. The results improve the paleoclimate framework of a Middle Pleistocene reference section and add further insight regarding climate development across MIS 19 and on potential similarities with its closest Holocene analogue.