Forest Road Planning, Construction and Maintenance to Improve Forest Fire Fighting: a Review

Forest roads play a key-role in fire fighting activities. In fact, all ground-based activities are strictly related with the presence of forest roads as access to fire edge. In spite of this important role, forest roads are often planned and built without considering their use in fire fighting, and this occurs also in literature, where few studies are dedicated to study the importance of forest roads in fire fighting. A well-developed and well-maintained forest road network is the answer to different needs in fire management. The objective of this review is to clarify basic principles for obtaining efficient road network also for fire fighting, collecting, defining and resuming the main roles, the most important aspects and the reported experiences to be taken into account in forest road network planning and maintenance in fire-prone areas. The most important themes treated are related with: i) the analysis of the functions of forest roads in fire prevention and suppression; ii) the importance of forest road planning and building considering also their importance for protecting forests against fires: iii) the construction and maintenance characteristics to be considered for building and maintaining an efficient forest road network against fires; iv) the importance of fire prevention and the related role of forest roads. Special attention has been dedicated to maintenance activities, because a not well-maintained forest road is a not efficient forest road, and it represents a useless economic and environmental cost.