Association of smoking status with recurrence,metastasis, and mortality among patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing prostatectomy or radiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Key Points Question What is the association of smoking with oncologic outcomes among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer? Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis that included 11 studies with 22 549 patients with prostate cancer undergoing primary radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, current smokers had a significantly higher risk of biochemical recurrence, metastasis, and cancer-specific mortality. Meaning These results should encourage radiation oncologists and urologists to counsel patients on smoking cessation, given the risk of poorer oncologic outcomes associated with smoking.