The alkaline-carbonatite complex of Jacupiranga (Brazil): Magma genesis and mode of emplacement

A comprehensive study including new field, petrological and geochemical data is reported on the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatite complex (133–131 Ma) which, together with other alkaline complexes, occurs in southern Brazil and is coeval with the Paraná CFB province. It consists of a shallow intrusion (ca. 65 km2) in the Precambrian crystalline basement, and can be subdivided in two main diachronous plutonic bodies: an older dunite-gabbro-syenite in the NW and a younger clinopyroxenite-ijolite (s.l.) in the SE, later injected by a carbonatitic core (ca. 1 km2). An integrated petrogenetic model, based on bulk rock major and trace element analyses, mineral chemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-C isotopic data, suggests that the two silicate intrusions generated from different mantle-derived magmas that evolved at shallow level (2–3 km depth) in two zoned cup-shaped plutonic bodies growing incrementally from independent feeding systems. The first intrusion was generated by OIB-like alkaline to mildly alkaline parental basalts that initially led to the formation of a dunitic adcumulate core, discontinuously surrounded by gabbroic cumulates, in turn injected by subanular syenite intrusive and phonolite dykes. Nephelinitic (± melilite) melts – likely generated deep in the lithosphere at ≥ 3 GPa – were the parental magmas of the second intrusion and gave rise to large coarse-grained clinopyroxenite ad- to meso-cumulates, in turn surrounded, and partially cut, by semi-annular fine-layered melteigite-ijolite-urtite ortho-cumulates. The available isotopic data do not evidence genetic links between carbonatites and the associated silicate intrusions, thus favouring an independent source from the mantle. Moreover, it may be suggested that, unlike gabbro-syenites and carbonatites, mostly generated from lithospheric mantle sources, the parental magmas of the ijolite-clinopyroxenite intrusion also record the influence of sublithospheric (plume-related?) geochemical components.