A multilevel analysis of craniofacial growth in subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion

Objective: To analyse the craniofacial growth of a long-term semi-longitudinal sample of Caucasian subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion. Setting and sample population: A total of 144 Caucasian subjects (of North American and Italian origin) with untreated Class III malocclusion. Materials and methods: Subjects aged 2 years and 9 months up to 21 years and 7 months were selected. A multilevel model was used to calculate growth curves for ten variables for both each individual subject and for the whole sample. Results: There was a statistically significant increase for total mandibular length (Co-Gn. T2-T1 = 8.4 mm), midfacial length (Co-A. T2-T1 = 3.4 mm) and lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me. T2-T1 = 3.8 mm). The multilevel analysis showed two points of acceleration of growth (about 3-5 years of age and 11-15 years of age) for seven out of ten variables. For Co-Gn and Co-A variables, males presented points of maximum growth delayed by 1 year in comparison with females, with a greater duration (1 year longer) and a greater total growth of about 5 mm. Active mandibular growth continued for a long time after the pubertal spurt: increases in mandibular length ended at about 17 years of age in females and at 21 years and 7 months in males. Conclusions: Untreated Class III malocclusion showed a specific growth curve, especially for the mandible, whose excesses added up over time. In males, the amounts of mandibular and midfacial growth during the whole observation time were greater and lasted longer than in females.