Papyri with the Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the Egyptian Museum in Turin

Three unpublished papyri kept in the Turin Egyptian Museum are presented: pCGT 54041, 54042 and 54043, dating from the 19th-20th dynasty, and coming from Deir el Medina. These manuscripts are important for many reasons: they are the oldest versions of the Ritual of the Opening of the mouth written on papyrus, and they present a variety of applications of this ritual which is otherwise attested at a much later time, in the Graeco-Roman Period. Papyrus CGT 54041 is for the benefit of a private person, called Pay, while pCGT 54042 and pCGT 54043 are for the benefit of gods, Amun-Ra, and Amun-Ra together with Ptah-Sokar- Osiris respectively.