L'emigrazione intellettuale ebraica dalla Toscana

Many intellectuals and skilled professionals who had lost their jobs because of the racial laws decided to leave Italy. Some of them asked for help to the largest international aid organization for displaced scholars in New York. The Emergency Committee for the Aid of German Displaced Scholars was born in 1933 for scholars fleeing Hitler, and in 1938 it realized with delay the seriousness of the situation in Italy. Why? How many Italians applied for ECADFS? And how many did receive a grant or got a job? Among the latter- Italians or not- all had an important link with Tuscany. Are there any characteristics of Tuscan Jewish intellectual emigration? How can we study this minimalized and neglected phenomenon that has had enormous and very long lasting consequences?