Can the efficacy of indocyanine green videoangiography in cerebral arterio-venous malformations surgery be further improved?

We read with great interest the article “Indocyanine Green Angiography in the Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Lessons Learned in 130 Consecutive Cases” published in the June issue of Operative Neurosurgery1. he authors present a large case series—in fact, the largest published in the literature so far—in which indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VA) was applied in arteriovenous malformation (AVM) surgery. We think this is a key article for all surgeons involved in this fascinating field. Zaidi et al1 clearly highlighted both the advantages and drawbacks of this intraoperative imaging modality, now established worldwide.