The role of DAMPs in burns and hemorrhagic shock immune response. Pathophysiology and clinical issues. Review

Severe or major burns induce a pathophysiological, immune, and inflammatory response that can persist for a long time and affect morbidity and mortality. Severe burns are followed by a “hy-permetabolic response”, an inflammatory process that can become uncontrolled, leading to a generalized catabolic state and delayed healing. Burns activate immune cells and cytokine production regulated by dam-age-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Trauma has similar injury-related immune responses, whereby DAMPs are massively released in musculoskeletal injuries and elicit widespread sys-temic inflammation. Hemorrhagic shock is the main cause of death in trauma.. In this review, we compare the pathophysiological responses to burns and trauma including their associated clinical patterns.