Non-deterministic interpretation and applications of CPT testing data

The evolution of geotechnical design codes towards reliability-based and probabilistic concepts, the growing global awareness towards risk management for engineered and natural systems, and the global digital transition are steering geotechnical research and practice towards non-deterministic and data-centric approaches to geotechnical characterization and design. The quasi-continuity and high repeatability of CPT measurements inherently endow this testing method with a central role in the momentous shift in paradigm. This paper contributes principles and selected examples which exemplify the nature and use of non-deterministic CPT-based methods for geotechnical site characterization, design, and geohazards risk management. Current cautions and limitations to the development, dissemination, and implementation of these methods are arguably surmountable and provide stimulating opportunities for a collective effort on the part of the CPT community to meet the evolving requirements and trends in geotechnical practice, research, and education.