Sedimentology of pleistocene palustrine tufas and associated deposits of the ebrón valley (iberian ranges, spain)

Extensive palustrine tufa deposits are not common in the geological record, in part due to their liability to erosion. This work discusses the formation and preservation factors that allow the wide development of such facies, taking the example of a Middle-Late Pleistocene dominantly palustrine area that formed downstream of a high-slope stepped tufa fluvial stretch, in the Ebrón river Valley (south Iberian Range). The study case (Los Santos area) consists of coarse detrital sediments at the base, associated with pronounced incisions on the underlying deposits, followed by a variety of tufa and associated carbonate facies, with a minimum thickness of 19 m. The most abundant facies are the phytoclastic rudstones, carbonate sands and silts with gastropods and ostracods and up-growing stem boundstones. Less common are moss boundstones, down-growing stem boundstones and bioclastic limestones. Up to five simple vertical sequences of facies (facies associations) are characterized. The sedimentary facies model corresponds to a low-slope and wide stretch at the end of a stepped, cascade-barrage fluvial system, with extensive palustrine areas, shallow ponded areas, at places with stagnant conditions, and small cascades. Variations of bedrock lithology, from Mesozoic carbonate rocks upstream to Neogene alluvial rocks downstream, allowed the gentle sloping and wide low-layering surface at the distal termination of the fluvial system, with overall low-energy facies, which supports the absence of stromatolites. Indeed, the lack of vigorous erosional processes enabled a dense cover of hydrophilous plants to thrive on diverse environments and the accumulation and preservation of organic matter. The small thickness of the studied deposits, compared to that of upstream deposits, is consistent with a reduction of dissolved calcium and bicarbonate contents downstream (linked to the distal position from the carbonate aquifer sourced springs), and with the diminishing mechanical CO2-degassing in low-gradient environments.