Stability of fiducial cephalometric landmarks of growing Class II malocclusion patients: a three-dimensional retrospective study

Objectives To evaluate three-dimensionally (3D) the stability of Nasion (Na), Sella (S), Basion (Ba), Porion (Po), and Orbitale (Or) in different age groups of growing Class II malocclusion patients and, additionally, to assess rotational changes of the S-Na and Ba-Na lines and the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP). Materials and Methods Cone-beam computed tomography studies of 67 Class II division 1 malocclusion patients, acquired at baseline (T0) and 1 year later (T1), were retrospectively assessed. Anterior cranial fossa was used for volumetric superimposition. Subjects were grouped according to their age at T0: group 1 (G1) (8–10 years), G2 (11–13 years), and G3 (14–17 years). Quantitative assessments of the 3D linear displacements (Euclidean distance) in the position of Na, S, Ba, Po, and Or were performed. Displacement in the X, Y, and Z projections and the rotation of S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP were also quantified. Results All cephalometric landmarks showed 3D displacement (P = .001) in the three age groups. Orbitale remained stable in the vertical and sagittal dimension from 8 to 17 years (P > .05). S-Na, Na-Ba, and the FHP showed statistically significant angular rotation (P < .05) in younger patients (G1), while in older individuals (G2 and G3) they were stable (P > .05). Conclusions Na, S, Ba, and Po showed vertical and sagittal positional changes relative to the anterior cranial fossa during the growth of Class II individuals. After age 11, S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP did not show rotation and, thus, are valid parameters for angular cephalometric analysis in Class II growing patients.