Characterization of the INFN proton CT scanner for cross-calibration of x-ray CT

Objective. The goal of this study was to assess the imaging performances of the pCT system developed in the framework of INFN-funded (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics) research projects. The spatial resolution, noise power spectrum (NPS) and RSP accuracy has been investigated, as a preliminary step to implement a new cross-calibration method for x-ray CT (xCT). Approach. The INFN pCT apparatus, made of four planes of silicon micro-strip detectors and a YAG:Ce scintillating calorimeter, reconstructs 3D RSP maps by a filtered-back projection algorithm. The imaging performances (i.e. spatial resolution, NPS and RSP accuracy) of the pCT system were assessed on a custom-made phantom, made of plastic materials with different densities ((0.66, 2.18) g cm(-3)). For comparison, the same phantom was acquired with a clinical xCT system. Main results. The spatial resolution analysis revealed the nonlinearity of the imaging system, showing different imaging responses in air or water phantom background. Applying the Hann filter in the pCT reconstruction, it was possible to investigate the imaging potential of the system. Matching the spatial resolution value of the xCT (0.54 lp mm(-1)) and acquiring both with the same dose level (11.6 mGy), the pCT appeared to be less noisy than xCT, with an RSP standard deviation of 0.0063. Concerning the RSP accuracy, the measured mean absolute percentage errors were (0.23+-0.09)% in air and (0.21+-0.07)% in water. Significance. The obtained performances confirm that the INFN pCT system provides a very accurate RSP estimation, appearing to be a feasible clinical tool for verification and correction of xCT calibration in proton treatment planning.