An insight into the capability of the actuator line method to resolve tip vortices

The actuator line method (ALM) is increasingly being preferred to the ubiquitous blade element momentum (BEM) approach in several applications related to wind turbine simulation, thanks to the higher level of fidelity required by the design and analysis of modern machines. Its capability to resolve blade tip vortices and their effect on the blade load profile is, however, still unsatisfactory, especially when compared to other medium-fidelity methodologies such as the lifting line theory (LLT). Despite the numerical strategies proposed so far to overcome this limitation, the reason for such behavior is still unclear. To investigate this aspect, the present study uses the ALM tool developed by the authors for the ANSYS® Fluent® solver (v. 20.2) to simulate a NACA0018 finite wing for different pitch angles. Three different test cases were considered: high-fidelity blade-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations (to be used as a benchmark), standard ALM, and ALM with the spanwise force distribution coming from blade-resolved data (frozen ALM). The last option was included to isolate the effect of force projection, using three different smearing functions. For the postprocessing of the results, two different techniques were applied: the LineAverage sampling of the local angle of attack along the blade and state-of-the-art vortex identification methods (VIMs) to outline the blade vortex system. The analysis showed that the ALM can account for tip effects without the need for additional corrections, provided that the correct angle of attack sampling and force projection strategies are adopted.