Musculoskeletal infections in childhood: Recognize early to quickly and properly treat

In this review, we aimed to update the recent guidelines on clinical approach, diagnosis, and treatment of common musculoskeletal infections in pediatric age. Their pathophysiology and the microorganisms involved have been focused on. The clinical manifestations of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, discitis, and pyomyositis have been underlined. Therefore, the appropriate clinical approach to early hypothesized such diseases has been delineated. The first diagnostic steps include a focused patient history and a thorough physical examination, which may offer helpful hints in suggesting a likely diagnosis. Afterwards, a simple laboratory work-up aided by prompt and appropriate imaging could lead to the correct diagnosis; sometimes, arthrocentesis or biopsy (bone, synovial, or muscle) should be performed. Updates regarding the management, including pharmacological and surgical treatments, and complications, have been reported.