Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Swami, Viren; White, Mathew P.; Voracek, Martin; Tran, Ulrich S.; Aavik, Toivo; Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar,; Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo,; Afhami, Reza; Ahmed, Oli; Annie Aim´e, I; Marwan Akel, J; K,; Hussam Al Halbusi, L; George Alexias, M; Ali N, Khawla F.; Nursel Alp-Dal, O; Alsalhani P, Anas B.; Sara ´Alvarez-Solas, Q; Ana Carolina Soares Amaral, R; Sonny Andrianto, S; Trefor Aspden, T; Marios Argyrides, U; Aruta V, John Jamir Benzon R.; Stephen Atkin, N; Olusola Ayandele, W; X,; Migle Baceviciene, Y; Radvan Bahbouh, Z; Andrea Ballesio Aa,; David Barron Ab,; Ashleigh Bellard Ac,; S´oleysesselja Bender Ad,; Kerime Derya Beydaǧ Ae,; Gorana Birovljevi´c Af,; Marie-`Eve Blackburn ag,; Teresita Borja-Alvarez ah,; Joanna Borowiec Ai,; Miroslava Bozog´aˇnov´a Aj,; Ak,; Solfrid Bratland-Sanda al,; Browning Am, Matthewh. E. M.; Anna Brytek-Matera an,; Marina Burakova Ao,; Yeliz Çakır-Koçak ap,; Pablo Camacho Aq,; Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Ar,; Valentina Cazzato Ac,; As,; Silvia Cerea At,; Au,; Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Av,; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Aw,; Tim Chambers Ax,; Qing-Wei Chen ay,; Az,; Xin Chen Ba,; Chin-Lung Chien bb,; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Aw,; Bovornpot Choompunuch Bc,; Compte Bd, Emilio J.; Be,; Jennifer Corrigan Bf,; Getrude Cosmas Bg,; Cowden Bh, Richard G.; Kamila Czepczor-Bernat bi,; Marcin Czub An,; Wanderson Roberto Da Silva Bj,; Mahboubeh Dadfar Bk,; Dalley Bl, Simon E.; Lionel Dany Ao,; Datu Bm, Jesus Alfonso D.; Pedro Henrique Berbert De Carvalho Bn,; Bo,; Gabriel Lins De Holanda Coelho Bf,; De Jesus V, Avila Odia S.; Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Bp,; Sandesh Dhakal Bq,; Francesca Di Bernardo Br,; Dimitrova Bs, Donka D.; Bt,; Jacinthe Dion Bu,; Barnaby Dixson Bv,; Donofrio Bl, Stacey M.; Marius Drysch Bw,; Hongfei Du Bx,; Dzhambov Bt, Angel M.; By,; Claire El-Jor bz,; Violeta Enea Ca,; Mehmet Eskin Cb,; Farinaz Farbod Cc,; Lorleen Farrugia Ar,; Leonie Fian, C; Fisher Cd, Maryanne L.; Michał Folwarczny Ce,; Frederick Cf, David A.; Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz ax,; Adrian Furnham Cg,; Antonio Alías García Ch,; Shulamit Geller Ci,; Marta Ghisi At,; Cj,; Alireza Ghorbani Ck,; Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Cl,; Sarah Gradidge, A; Sylvie Graf Cm,; Caterina Grano Aa,; Gy¨ongyv´er Gyene Cn,; Souheil Hallit Co,; Cp,; Motasem Hamdan Cq,; Handelzalts Ci, Jonathan E.; Cr,; Hanel Cs, Paulh. P.; Hawks Ct, Steven R.; Issa Hekmati Cu,; Mai Helmy Cv,; Cw,; Tetiana Hill Cx,; Farah Hina Cy,; Geraldine Holenweger Cz,; Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´a Cm,; Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Da,; Asma Imam Cq,; Bas¸ak ˙ince Db,; Natalia Irrazabal Dc,; Rasa Jankauskiene, Y; Ding-Yu Jiang dd,; Micaela Jim´enez-Borja ah,; Ver´onica Jim´enez-Borja de,; Johnson Cf, Evan M.; Veljko Jovanovi´c Df,; Marija Jovi´c Dg,; Marko Jovi´c Dh,; Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira Di,; Dj,; Lisa-Marie Kahle dk,; Adam Kantanista Ai,; Ahmet Karakiraz Dl,; Ays¸e Nur Karkin Cb,; Erich Kasten Dm,; Salam Khatib Dn,; Nuannut Khieowan Do,; Patricia Joseph Kimong Bg,; Litza Kiropoulos Dp,; Joshua Knittel Cz,; Neena Kohli Dq,; Mirjam Koprivnik Dr,; Aituar Kospakov Ds,; Dt,; Magdalena Kr´ol-Zieli´nska ai,; Isabel Krug Dp,; Garry Kuan Du,; Yee Cheng Kueh Dv,; Omar Kujan Dw,; Miljana Kuki´c Af,; Sanjay Kumar Dx,; Vipul Kumar Dy,; Nishtha Lamba Dz,; Mary Anne Lauri Ar,; Maria Fernanda Laus Di,; Dj,; Liza April Leblanc Cd,; Lee Ea, Hyejoo J.; Małgorzata Lipowska Eb,; Mariusz Lipowski Ec,; Caterina Lombardo Aa,; Andrea Luk´acs Ed,; Christophe Maïano, I; Ee,; Sadia Malik Ef,; Mandar Manjary Dx,; Eg,; Lidia M´arquez Bald´o Eh,; Martha Martinez-Banfi ei,; Ej,; Karlijn Massar Ek,; Matera, Camilla; Olivia Mcanirlin Am,; Mois´es Roberto Mebarak Em,; Anwar Mechri En,; Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles Eo,; Norbert Mesko Ep,; Jacqueline Mills Ax,; Maya Miyairi Eq,; Ritu Modi Dq,; Adriana Modrzejewska Er,; Justyna Modrzejewska Es,; Mulgrew Bv, Kate E.; Myers Et, Taryn A.; Hikari Namatame Eu,; Mohammad Zakaria Nassani Ev,; Nerini, Amanda; F´elix Neto Ew,; Joana Neto Ex,; Angela Nogueira Neves Ey,; Siu-Kuen Ng ez,; Devi Nithiya Fa,; O T, Jiaqing; Sahar Obeid Fb,; Camila Oda-Montecinos fc,; Peter Olamakinde Olapegba, W; Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin, F; Salma Samir Omar Fd,; Brynja ¨orlygsd´ottir Ad,; Emrah ¨ozsoy Dl,; Tobias Otterbring Fe,; Sabine Pahl, C; Maria Serena Panasiti Aa,; Ff,; Yonguk Park Fg,; Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary Fh,; Fi,; Tatiana Peth¨o Aj,; Nadezhda Petrova Fj,; Jakob Pietschnig Fk,; Sadaf Pourmahmoud, G; Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu Fl,; Vita Poˇstuvan Fm,; Fn,; Pavol Prokop Fo,; Fp,; Ramseyer Winter Fq, Virginia L.; Magdalena Razmus Fr,; Taotao Ru Ay,; Az,; Mirjana Rupar Cm,; Sahlan Fs, Reza N.; Mohammad Salah Hassan Ft,; Anđela ˇsalov Fu,; Saphal Sapkota Fv,; Jacob Owusu Sarfo Fw,; Yoko Sawamiya Et,; Katrin Schaefer Fx,; Fy,; Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck cz,; Fz,; Veya Seekis Ga,; Kerim Selvi Gb,; Mehdi Sharifi Gc,; Anita Shrivastava Dz,; Rumana Ferdousi Siddique Gd,; Valdimar Sigurdsson Ge,; Vineta Silkane Gf,; Ana ˇsimuni´c Fu,; Govind Singh Dq,; Alena Slez´aˇckov´a Gg,; Christine Sundgot-Borgen gh,; Gill Ten Hoor Ek,; Passagorn Tevichapong Gi,; Arun Tipandjan Gj,; Jennifer Todd, A; B,; Constantinos Togas, M; Fernando Tonini Dc,; Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro gk,; Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud Al,; Pankaj Tripathi Dq,; Otilia Tudorel Gl,; Tylka Gm, Tracy L.; Anar Uyzbayeva Dt,; Zahir Vally Gn,; Edmunds Vanags Go,; Luis Diego Vega Gp,; Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena cl,; Jose Vidal-Moll´on eh,; Roosevelt Vilar Gq,; Hyxia Villegas Gp,; Mona Vintil˘a Gl,; Christoph Wallner Bw,; Simon Whitebridge, N; Sonja Windhager Fx,; Fy,; Kah Yan Wong Gr,; Eric Kenson Yau Gs,; Yuko Yamamiya Gt,; Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Gs,; Gu,; Marcelo Callegari Zanetti Gv,; Magdalena Zawisza, A; Nadine Zeeni Bz,; Martina Zvaríkov´a Fo,; Stieger, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102432

Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negli- gible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.

Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups / Viren Swami, Mathew P. White, Martin Voracek, Ulrich S. Tran , Toivo Aavik , Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar , Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo , Reza Afhami , Oli Ahmed , Annie Aim´e i, Marwan Akel j,k, Hussam Al Halbusi l, George Alexias m, Khawla F. Ali n, Nursel Alp-Dal o, Anas B. Alsalhani p, Sara ´Alvarez-Solas q, Ana Carolina Soares Amaral r, Sonny Andrianto s, Trefor Aspden t, Marios Argyrides u, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta v, Stephen Atkin n, Olusola Ayandele w,x, Migle Baceviciene y, Radvan Bahbouh z, Andrea Ballesio aa, David Barron ab, Ashleigh Bellard ac, S´oleySesselja Bender ad, Kerime Derya Beydaǧ ae, Gorana Birovljevi´c af, Marie-`Eve Blackburn ag, Teresita Borja-Alvarez ah, Joanna Borowiec ai, Miroslava Bozog´aˇnov´a aj,ak, Solfrid Bratland-Sanda al, MatthewH.E.M. Browning am, Anna Brytek-Matera an, Marina Burakova ao, Yeliz Çakır-Koçak ap, Pablo Camacho aq, Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri ar, Valentina Cazzato ac,as, Silvia Cerea at,au, Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich av, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon aw, Tim Chambers ax, Qing-Wei Chen ay,az, Xin Chen ba, Chin-Lung Chien bb, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit aw, Bovornpot Choompunuch bc, Emilio J. Compte bd,be, Jennifer Corrigan bf, Getrude Cosmas bg, Richard G. Cowden bh, Kamila Czepczor-Bernat bi, Marcin Czub an, Wanderson Roberto da Silva bj, Mahboubeh Dadfar bk, Simon E. Dalley bl, Lionel Dany ao, Jesus Alfonso D. Datu bm, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho bn,bo, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho bf, Avila Odia S. De Jesus v, Sonia Harzallah Debbabi bp, Sandesh Dhakal bq, Francesca Di Bernardo br, Donka D. Dimitrova bs,bt, Jacinthe Dion bu, Barnaby Dixson bv, Stacey M. Donofrio bl, Marius Drysch bw, Hongfei Du bx, Angel M. Dzhambov bt,by, Claire El-Jor bz, Violeta Enea ca, Mehmet Eskin cb, Farinaz Farbod cc, Lorleen Farrugia ar, Leonie Fian c, Maryanne L. Fisher cd, Michał Folwarczny ce, David A. Frederick cf, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz ax, Adrian Furnham cg, Antonio Alías García ch, Shulamit Geller ci, Marta Ghisi at,cj, Alireza Ghorbani ck, Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez cl, Sarah Gradidge a, Sylvie Graf cm, Caterina Grano aa, Gy¨ongyv´er Gyene cn, Souheil Hallit co,cp, Motasem Hamdan cq, Jonathan E. Handelzalts ci,cr, PaulH.P. Hanel cs, Steven R. Hawks ct, Issa Hekmati cu, Mai Helmy cv,cw, Tetiana Hill cx, Farah Hina cy, Geraldine Holenweger cz, Martina Hˇrebíˇckov´a cm, Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi da, Asma Imam cq, Bas¸ak ˙Ince db, Natalia Irrazabal dc, Rasa Jankauskiene y, Ding-Yu Jiang dd, Micaela Jim´enez-Borja ah, Ver´onica Jim´enez-Borja de, Evan M. Johnson cf, Veljko Jovanovi´c df, Marija Jovi´c dg, Marko Jovi´c dh, Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira di,dj, Lisa-Marie Kahle dk, Adam Kantanista ai, Ahmet Karakiraz dl, Ays¸e Nur Karkin cb, Erich Kasten dm, Salam Khatib dn, Nuannut Khieowan do, Patricia Joseph Kimong bg, Litza Kiropoulos dp, Joshua Knittel cz, Neena Kohli dq, Mirjam Koprivnik dr, Aituar Kospakov ds,dt, Magdalena Kr´ol-Zieli´nska ai, Isabel Krug dp, Garry Kuan du, Yee Cheng Kueh dv, Omar Kujan dw, Miljana Kuki´c af, Sanjay Kumar dx, Vipul Kumar dy, Nishtha Lamba dz, Mary Anne Lauri ar, Maria Fernanda Laus di,dj, Liza April LeBlanc cd, Hyejoo J. Lee ea, Małgorzata Lipowska eb, Mariusz Lipowski ec, Caterina Lombardo aa, Andrea Luk´acs ed, Christophe Maïano i,ee, Sadia Malik ef, Mandar Manjary dx,eg, Lidia M´arquez Bald´o eh, Martha Martinez-Banfi ei,ej, Karlijn Massar ek, Camilla Matera, Olivia McAnirlin am, Mois´es Roberto Mebarak em, Anwar Mechri en, Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles eo, Norbert Mesko ep, Jacqueline Mills ax, Maya Miyairi eq, Ritu Modi dq, Adriana Modrzejewska er, Justyna Modrzejewska es, Kate E. Mulgrew bv, Taryn A. Myers et, Hikari Namatame eu, Mohammad Zakaria Nassani ev, Amanda Nerini, F´elix Neto ew, Joana Neto ex, Angela Nogueira Neves ey, Siu-Kuen Ng ez, Devi Nithiya fa, Jiaqing O t, Sahar Obeid fb, Camila Oda-Montecinos fc, Peter Olamakinde Olapegba w, Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin f, Salma Samir Omar fd, Brynja ¨Orlygsd´ottir ad, Emrah ¨Ozsoy dl, Tobias Otterbring fe, Sabine Pahl c, Maria Serena Panasiti aa,ff, Yonguk Park fg, Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary fh,fi, Tatiana Peth¨o aj, Nadezhda Petrova fj, Jakob Pietschnig fk, Sadaf Pourmahmoud g, Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu fl, Vita Poˇstuvan fm,fn, Pavol Prokop fo,fp, Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter fq, Magdalena Razmus fr, Taotao Ru ay,az, Mirjana Rupar cm, Reza N. Sahlan fs, Mohammad Salah Hassan ft, Anđela ˇSalov fu, Saphal Sapkota fv, Jacob Owusu Sarfo fw, Yoko Sawamiya et, Katrin Schaefer fx,fy, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck cz,fz, Veya Seekis ga, Kerim Selvi gb, Mehdi Sharifi gc, Anita Shrivastava dz, Rumana Ferdousi Siddique gd, Valdimar Sigurdsson ge, Vineta Silkane gf, Ana ˇSimuni´c fu, Govind Singh dq, Alena Slez´aˇckov´a gg, Christine Sundgot-Borgen gh, Gill Ten Hoor ek, Passagorn Tevichapong gi, Arun Tipandjan gj, Jennifer Todd a,b, Constantinos Togas m, Fernando Tonini dc, Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro gk, Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud al, Pankaj Tripathi dq, Otilia Tudorel gl, Tracy L. Tylka gm, Anar Uyzbayeva dt, Zahir Vally gn, Edmunds Vanags go, Luis Diego Vega gp, Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena cl, Jose Vidal-Moll´on eh, Roosevelt Vilar gq, Hyxia Villegas gp, Mona Vintil˘a gl, Christoph Wallner bw, Simon Whitebridge n, Sonja Windhager fx,fy, Kah Yan Wong gr, Eric Kenson Yau gs, Yuko Yamamiya gt, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung gs,gu, Marcelo Callegari Zanetti gv, Magdalena Zawisza a, Nadine Zeeni bz, Martina Zvaríkov´a fo, Stefan Stieger. - In: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. - ISSN 0272-4944. - ELETTRONICO. - 99:(2024), pp. 1-23. [10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102432]