Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium Batteries for Smart Grids using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Data

The integration of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries into smart grids has become of central importance in addressing energy storage challenges and optimizing renewable energy exploitation. Understanding the life cycle performance of these batteries is critical for sustainable energy management, as well as for maintenance optimization, reliability and safety concerns. This study employs Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data to conduct a comprehensive life cycle analysis of lithium batteries within smart grid environments. EIS provides valuable insights into the electrochemical behavior of batteries, enabling the characterization of internal processes such as ion transport, electrode kinetics, and cell degradation. The research investigates various stages of battery life, from the first operating cycles up to the end-of-life (EOL) condition, in order to assess the variation of the battery State-Of-health (SOH) through the life cycle. More specifically, the battery under test has been continuously and repeatedly cycled alternating charge and discharge phases to accelerate the device degradation. EIS measurements have been taken every 20 cycles and then used to define the battery State of Health. By integrating EIS data, the study evaluates how operational conditions influence battery performance as a function of the number of cycles already endured by the considered energy storage cell. Overall, the study contributes to advancing the understanding of Li-ion battery life cycle dynamics by a different perspective, using the entire EIS spectrum instead of using only the battery's discharge capacity or internal resistance, pointing out promising results.