The space-borne PAMELA experiment was launched on the 15th of June 2006 on board the Russian satellite Resurs-DK1 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The PAMELA instrument performed high-precision measurements of cosmic rays over a wide energy range until January 2016. We present the yearly average deuteron spectra for the 23rd solar minimum (July 2006 – January 2009) and the first part of the 24th solar maximum (until September 2014). The deuterons were selected with a rigidity between 0.75 and 2.6 GV by combining the Time of Flight (ToF) and the tracker systems. The measured spectra display a rising trend toward the solar minimum followed by a decreasing trend as the solar maximum approaches. The corresponding deuteron-to-proton flux ratios show time dependence at the lowest rigidities, as expected due to the different charge-to-mass ratios and the different shapes of the respective local interstellar spectra. These results are significant for the fine-tuning of propagation and modulation models of cosmic rays through the heliosphere.
The time evolution of the low-energy deuteron fluxes measured in Cosmic Rays with the PAMELA experiment from the 23rd solar minimum to the 24th solar maximum / Lenni, A.; Boezio, M.; Munini, R.; Menn, W.; Marcelli, N.; Ngobeni, M.D.; Ndiitwani, D.C.; Ramokgaba, I.I.; Potgieter, M.S.; Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G.C.; Bazilevskaya, G.A.; Bellotti, R.; Bogomolov, E.A.; Bongi, M.; Bonvicini, V.; Bruno, A.; Cafagna, F.; Campana, D.; Carlson, P.; Casolino, M.; Castellini, G.; De Santis, C.; Galper, A.M.; Koldashov, S.V.; Koldobskiy, S.; Kvashnin, A.N.; Leonov, A.A.; Malakhov, V.V.; Marcelli, L.; Martucci, M.; Mayorov, A.G.; Mergè, M.; Mocchiutti, E.; Monaco, A.; Mori, N.; Mikhailov, V.V.; Osteria, G.; Panico, B.; Palma, F.; Papini, P.; Picozza, P.; Ricci, M.; Ricciarini, S.B.; Simon, M.; Sotgiu, A.; Sparvoli, R.; Spillantini, P.; Stozhkov, Y.I.; Vacchi, A.; Vannuccini, E.; Voronov, S.A.; Yurkin, Y.T.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N.. - In: ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS. - ISSN 0927-6505. - ELETTRONICO. - 168:(2025), pp. 103089.0-103089.0. [10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103089]
The time evolution of the low-energy deuteron fluxes measured in Cosmic Rays with the PAMELA experiment from the 23rd solar minimum to the 24th solar maximum
Adriani, O.;Bongi, M.;
2025
Abstract
The space-borne PAMELA experiment was launched on the 15th of June 2006 on board the Russian satellite Resurs-DK1 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The PAMELA instrument performed high-precision measurements of cosmic rays over a wide energy range until January 2016. We present the yearly average deuteron spectra for the 23rd solar minimum (July 2006 – January 2009) and the first part of the 24th solar maximum (until September 2014). The deuterons were selected with a rigidity between 0.75 and 2.6 GV by combining the Time of Flight (ToF) and the tracker systems. The measured spectra display a rising trend toward the solar minimum followed by a decreasing trend as the solar maximum approaches. The corresponding deuteron-to-proton flux ratios show time dependence at the lowest rigidities, as expected due to the different charge-to-mass ratios and the different shapes of the respective local interstellar spectra. These results are significant for the fine-tuning of propagation and modulation models of cosmic rays through the heliosphere.
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