Wildfire risk perception survey: insights from local communities in Tuscany, Italy

Abstract Background Wildfre is a complex chemical, physical, and sociological phenomenon deeply rooted in the histori- cal relationship between humans and fre. Today the wildfre risk is one of the human challenges. Efective manage- ment requires collaboration among multiple stakeholders across diferent levels. The risk perception and vulnerability at the local community level explain why and how individuals consider certain policies or mitigation behaviors. Thus, wildfre risk fts within the framework of socio-ecological systems. This study focused on four fre-prone areas in Tuscany, Italy, aiming to explore local wildfre risk perception. Risk per- ception is a social parameter, derived from media habits, memory, history, concerns, and beliefs. Two diferent surveys were used to consult two groups: experts (e.g., wildfre technicians, policymakers, business activities, and rural associa- tions) and non-experts (e.g., random residents, students, and tourists), then compared to investigate possible gaps. Several questions were asked regarding demographics, relationship with the territory, current management system, relationship with fre and media, risk perception, and others. Results were compared according to the critical area or the type of respondents, and several analyses were conducted to identify weaknesses, strengths, and areas for improvement to raise awareness and lower the risk. Results Findings revealed diferences in perception, more between the two groups than across locations, high- lighting gaps that need to be addressed. A general underestimation of risk, with an overall optimism, was found in the non-expert group, indicating the need for further qualitative research to understand these aspects better. The interviews suggest public action as the main component to implement change. Conclusions The paradigm shift toward prevention represents a core change and challenge. An exchange between scientifc and local knowledge is desirable to address many gaps. We propose awareness raising as a pos- sible starting point and to encourage collective actions in line with suggestions from the interviewees. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of response patterns can inform policy adjustments and resource allocation to enhance resilience and response efectiveness in future emergencies. Further research could aim to develop tools to promote a culture of fre and risk and deepen the analysis of risk perception in the most critical areas.