Conceptualizing “SPES” policy mix(es) for just twin transitions: Policy mapping on Science, Technology, and Innovation initiatives in Europe and other countries

The twin transitions—the green transition towards sustainability and the digital transition towards technological advancement—have become central to policy debates in Europe and beyond. The European Green Deal, a cornerstone of the European Union’s strategy, aims to achieve a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. This initiative highlights the interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and digital innovation, underscoring the importance of integrating these transitions to drive economic growth, competitiveness, and social inclusiveness. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policies, particularly those supporting the net-zero transition. By focusing on both European Union member states and select non-European countries, their analysis seeks to understand the different approaches to combining innovation with environmental and social sustainability goals.