Guest editorial: Introduction to the special issue on Population change: effects on the environment, society, and economy

Population change, driven by factors such as birth rates, death rates, migration, partnership relations, and aging, has profound implications for human societies and the environment. Over the past century, the world has witnessed unprecedented population growth, leading to global shifts in demographics and dominant urbanization, while influencing various facets of life. Understanding the effects of population change on the environment, society, and economy is crucial for sustainable development. This introductory section explores these interconnections, analyzing how population dynamics impact ecological systems, social structures, and economic models, while also discussing the challenges and opportunities these changes present.