Artistry, Technology and Challenges: The Subtle Balance Between Fake Results and Real Integration in the Use of AI for Image Generation on Medieval Frescos Reconstructions

AI-based image-generative tools significantly enhance creativity and digital reconstruction by accelerating workflows for reconstructing digital heritage. These tools apply to various contexts, such as archaeological sites, transformed urban areas, damaged buildings, unbuilt architecture, and partially lost artworks like mural paintings and frescoes. In reconstructing such works, the process is highly complex and requires scholars with expertise in recognizing and attributing fragments and better-preserved pieces. While it remains to suggest potential lines, figures, or scenes, the outcome often involves multiple possibilities. AI image generators can support these challenging tasks by integrating them into workflows, from producing stochastic results to extending patterns and coloured areas. However, their use, especially via “off-the-shelf” software, introduces two key challenges. The first concerns achieving accurate reconstructions that maximize the AI’s potential while avoiding casual or tentative outputs. This involves addressing limitations in existing AI systems and ensuring the final results are both reliable and time efficient. The second challenge relates to cultural evaluation. The line between AI-assisted reconstruction and creating entirely fake results is delicate. Misuse could exploit public fascination with AI or lead to errors and misinterpretations without expert oversight. This integration is in its early stages, necessitating rigorous testing and exploration. The proposed contribution analyzes the digital reconstruction of medieval frescoes from central Italy, blending traditional methods with significant AI inputs. These case highlights the balance between human-driven processes and the acceptance of digital outputs, offering reflections on the evolving relationship between human expertise and AI-driven creativity.