Combined Bacopa, Phosphatidylserine, and Choline Protect Against Stress-Induced Neurotoxicity

Background/Objectives: Chronic stress leads to sustained elevations in cortisol levels, which promote neuronal damage and impair memory. Prolonged stress also enhances proinflammatory signaling. Adaptogens are plant-derived compounds associated with the ability to increase the body’s resistance to stress, thereby improving mental and physi- cal performance. To identify potential interventions capable of attenuating stress-related memory alterations, this study investigated a formulation combining the adaptogen Ba- copa monnieri L. with phosphatidylserine and choline (BPC). Methods: An in vitro model of stress-related neuroinflammation was established by exposing BV2 microglial cells to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, 100 nM). SH-SY5Y cells exposed to conditioned medium from CRH-stimulated BV2 cells or to iron(II) sulfate and L-ascorbic acid (Fe/Asc) were used as models of neurotoxicity. Results: BPC attenuated CRH-induced proin- flammatory microglial morphology, as well as the reduction in cell viability and cell number. BPC treatment restored the levels of stress-related markers, including SIRT-1, Nrf-2, and phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK). Furthermore, BPC protected against neurotoxicity induced by CRH and Fe/Asc and promoted cholinergic activation by restoring basal acetyl- cholinesterase (AChE) levels. The combined BPC formulation showed superior efficacy compared with its individual components across all experimental assays. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings indicate that the BPC formulation developed in this study effec- tively attenuates stress-related neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. BPC may represent a promising strategy to help limit the progression of early cognitive dysfunction under conditions of prolonged stress.