Managing and monitoring indoor air quality and surface decontamination in healthcare environments

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in healthcare facilities is a critical yet often underestimated factor associated with adverse health effects and increased risk of infectious outbreaks. Key pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and various biological agents such as bacteria and viruses. While numerous variables contribute to IAQ, European regulations still have significant gaps, having historically focused more on individual substances than on the overall air environment. This review examines the most relevant IAQ parameters, current technologies available for their detection, and the regulatory landscape at the European level. Special attention is given to real-time monitoring systems. We also propose a concise operational guideline for IAQ management which combines continuous monitoring, evidence-based mitigation, and improvements to reduce exposure, increase resilience to airborne and surface threats, and produce measurable safety outcomes for patients and healthcare personnel within hospital settings.