Designing User Interfaces for Semi-Autonomous Tram Systems: Human–Machine Interaction, Future Scenarios, and the Transition Toward Automated Mobility

The increasing adoption of semi-autonomous systems in public transport introduces new challenges for user experience, human–machine interaction and situational awareness. This research, conducted through a design-driven investigation and an intensive workshop involving Master’s students in Advanced Sustainable Design at the University of Florence and a leading autonomous tram company, explores how user interfaces can effectively mediate between automation and operator control in complex operational environments. The semi-autonomous tram line of Florence served as a real-world case study to assess current UI limitations and identify opportunities for improvement through UX- and interaction design–oriented approaches. A humancentered methodology structured the process through literature review, benchmarking, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Findings reveal recurrent disruptions and highlight the evolving role of the operator, who must manage cognitive load, attention demands, and stress peaks during critical events. The research underscores the need for multimodal feedback—visual, auditory, and tactile—to improve situational awareness, while future concepts envision adaptive dashboards, AI-assisted alerts, and immersive technologies for training and real-time support. The study shows how design can inform the next generation of cooperative, transparent interfaces, enhancing safety, operator comfort, and public trust while supporting the transition toward autonomous urban mobility. In conclusion, the research demonstrates the relevance of design-driven methodologies in shaping the next generation of UIs for semi-autonomous tram systems. By integrating human factors, emerging technologies, and speculative scenarios, the study outlines how adaptive, multimodal, and intelligent interfaces can enhance safety, efficiency, and user comfort, supporting the broader transition toward fully autonomous public transport ecosystems.