When adalimumab fails in childhood chronic uveitis: what comes next?

Notable progress has been performed in the last three decades in the treatment of pediatric noninfectious chronic uveitis due to significant improvement in understanding the pathogenesis, and research investment in developing and testing new therapies. Childhood chronic uveitis is a potentially sight-threatening inflammatory condition that requires early and sustained control to prevent irreversible ocular complications, such as cataract, glaucoma, band keratopathy, optic disk atrophy, and vision loss [Citation1]. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis (JIA-U) and Idiopathic uveitis (IU) are the most common etiologies, but other immune-mediated forms also contribute significantly to pediatric morbidity