Study of phenotypic analysis, cellular components organization and stress molecular pathways upon manganese exposure in A. thaliana

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for plant growth and development. Mn is an essential cofactor for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in photosystem II (PSII) (1), detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), isoprenoid synthesis, and abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin signaling. Despite the fact that manganese deficiency may impact the aforementioned metabolic processes, excessive amounts of this metal are toxic to plants. Chlorotic leaves and necrotic patches are the most prevalent indicators of manganese toxicity (2). The high concentration of manganese in the soil may be attributable to several processes; however, the anthropogenic release of waste into the soil and the use of intensive fertilizers are the most significant contributors. This is not simply a plant issue; the introduction of manganese into the food chain might have severe repercussions on human health. Some studies indicate that manganese can enhance the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or neuromotor disorders comparable to Parkinson's (3). Despite the burden that high levels of Mn have on plant physiology, our understanding of the systems that mediate Mn absorption, transport, and subcellular compartmentation is limited. This is mostly owing to a lack of knowledge regarding the expression and subcellular localization of manganese transporters in the majority of plant species, particularly at hazardous doses. This study analyzes the harmful effects of manganese on the development and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Through phenotypic research, we wish to determine how different Mn concentrations influence the development of these plants' major organs. Using confocal microscopy, we determine how dangerous levels of Mn affect organelles and cellular structures, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, the vacuole, and the cytoskeleton. We are also interested in determining how Mn toxic circumstances alter cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum protein homeostasis, which is essential for maintaining normal cellular function. By explaining the impacts of manganese toxicity on plants, this work will indirectly contribute to the understanding of the possible problems posed by excessive manganese levels in the environment and the necessity of moderating its accumulation. This research has the potential to increase our understanding of manganese toxicity in plants, elucidate cellular responses to stress, and contribute to human health concerns.