Empowering national capacity for DNA-based approach to species identification and biodiversity monitoring

DNA barcoding has become a cornerstone for species identification and biodiversity mon- itoring, enabling applications from ecological research to conservation and environmental policy. The International Barcode of Life (iBOL) provides global coordination, but national nodes are essential for implementing barcoding at scale, building local capacity and trans- lating scientific advances into practice. This paper synthesises experiences from 20 coun- tries (17 in Europe), drawing on a survey and a workshop conducted under the Horizon Eu- rope Biodiversity Genomics Europe project. We examine how national nodes are initiated, governed and sustained and identify common challenges, such as defining scope, securing funding, harmonising methods and engaging stakeholders. Most nodes were initiated by re- search communities and operate as informal networks with heterogeneous governance and staffing models. Key priorities include constructing comprehensive DNA barcode reference libraries, aligning activities with biomonitoring needs and promoting FAIR and CARE data principles. We highlight strategies for capacity building, methodological standardisation and stakeholder engagement, alongside approaches for diversifying funding and strengthening communication. Based on these insights, we present ten practical recommendations to guide the establishment and long-term success of national DNA barcoding nodes. Strength- ening these infrastructures will enhance Europe’s ability to deliver robust DNA-based biodi- versity monitoring, underpin metabarcoding and metagenomic studies and contribute to global efforts in species discovery, conservation and environmental management.