NMR and calorimetric study of natural and synthetic human milk oligosaccharide mimetics and their interactions with galectin

Human galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins involved in key biological processes such as immune regulation, cell–cell communication, and host–pathogen interactions, where glycan recognition is central to their function. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), such as 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), are abundant glycans present in breast milk and play important roles in infant health and modulation of the gut microbiota. In this study, a comparative multi-technique approach was employed to analyse natural and synthetic fucosylated lactose derivatives