Internal reliability of coupled Kuramoto–Sakaguchi phase oscillators

The notion of internal reliability in dynamical networks describes whether replicas of a particular unit follow the dynamics of the reference unit. Reliability and anti-reliability can be quantified by the transversal Lyapunov exponents. We study phase oscillators coupled via Kuramoto–Sakaguchi-type interactions. Already the simplest solvable system of two oscillators demonstrates nontrivial reliability properties. We present numerical evidence of reliability and anti-reliability in small networks with a uniform distribution of natural frequencies. The dynamics of an ensemble of replicas can be described within the Watanabe–Strogatz theory, which predicts symmetry of the transversal Lyapunov exponents for replica-attractor and replica-repeller.