The Northern Apennines palynological record as a contribute for the reconstruction of the Messinian palaeoenvironments

The Messinian stage has long been associated with an overall warmand dry climate whereas recent researches indicate either a warm and humid or a cool and dry climate. The integrated stratigraphic record of vegetation and climatic changes from Northern Apennines sites provides the solution to this apparent contradiction. Its integration with the updated geological and sedimentological studies provides additional data for the reconstruction of the depositional palaeoenvironments in both marginal and deeper sub-basins of the Apennines foredeep. The onset of the Mediterranean salinity crisis (MSC) is recorded in the Gessoso–Solfifera of the Vena del Gesso (marginal sub-basin). Cyclical humid conditions, corresponding to precession minima, developed during the deposition of the shales interbeddedwith the gypsum(5.9 to 5.6Ma); some cooler events took also place under the effects of global (glacial stadials) and regional factors (Apennines uplift). At present no major changes from moist to dry conditions are attested to just before the salinity crisis, as well as in Sicily. So climate did not play amajor role in the onset of theMSC despite the favourable context provided by inferred thermo-xeric conditions in southern Italy. A drier episode indicated by the expansion of the open vegetation including the northward migration of Lygeum postdates the onset of the salinity crisis of about 400 kyr, in the lower post-evaporitic deposits ofMaccarone (deeper sub-basin). It falls within a period of global warming whereas at a regional scale it could correlate p.p. to the evaporite deposition in deeper basins and to hiatuses in the marginal basins of Sicily and of the western sector of Northern Apennines. Its sudden end, about 100 kyr later, in coincidence with a significant increase of Pinaceae, indicates a turnover in the terrestrial setting not linked to major climate changes but possibly to a complex interaction between other palaeoenvironmental factors (e.g., tectonics and eustatism). In contrast organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts exclude significant modifications in aquatic settings (insaturation of either open marine or brackish conditions). In the latter, a later change is marked by the arrival of Impagidinium (?) sp. 1., a species here referred instead toCaspidiniumrugosum, about 7 m below the first colombaccio. This occurrence together with the spread of Pediastrum indicates a freshwater dilution i.e. the “Lago- Mare” event during wetter climatic conditions on the adjacent landmass (increase of Tsuga and Cedrus). The successive arrival and/or dominance of other “Paratethyan” taxa such as I. (?) sp. 2, I. (?) sp. 3 and Galeacysta etrusca indicate highly variable water environments (marine vs. continentalwater inputs) during the deposition of the uppermost post-evaporitic deposits. The Lago-Mare is stratigraphically sandwiched between an ash layer (130 m below) dated at 5.5 Ma and the beginning of the Pliocene where a peak of Impagidinium patulum marks the onset of openmarine conditions. The dominant humid, subtropical to warmtemperate climate indicates differences in both temperature and moisture values with respect to the coeval southern sections, revealing climatic gradientswithin the Mediterranean, at least from the Messinian. No dramatic vegetation and climate changes have been recorded during the MSC; major changes occurred later as indicated by the palynological record from2.6Ma. This palynostratigraphic record is a good reference for more recent models of the development of the MSC and for establishing time-relationships between the Apennine and Sicilian successions.