Enzyme-based impedimetric detection of PCR products using oligonucleotide-modified screen-printed gold electrodes.

This paper describes the optimisation and the analytical performances of an enzyme-based electrochemical genosensor, developed using disposable oligonucleotide-modified screen-printed gold electrodes. The immobilisation of a thiol-tethered probe was qualitatively investigated by means of faradic impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectra confirmed that the thiol moiety unambiguously drives the immobilisation of the oligonucleotide probe. Furthermore, both probe surface densities and hybridisation efficiencies were quantified through chronocoulometric measurements. Electrochemical transduction of the hybridisation process was also performed by means of faradic impedance spectroscopy, after coupling of a streptavidin–alkaline phosphatase conjugate and bio-catalysed precipitation of an insoluble and insulating product onto the sensing interface. Chronocoulometric results allowed discussion of the magnitude of hybridisation signals in terms of probe surface densities and their corresponding hybridisation efficiency. The genosensor response varied linearly (r2 = 0.9998) with the oligonucleotide target concentration over three orders of magnitude, between 12 pmol/L and 12 nmol/L. The estimated detection limit was 1.2 pmol/L (i.e., 7.2 × 106 target molecules in 10 L of sample solution). The analytical usefulness of the impedimetric genosensor was finally demonstrated analysing amplified samples obtained from the pBI121 plasmid and soy and maize powders containing 1 and 5% of genetically modified product. Sensing of such unmodified amplicons was achieved via sandwich hybridisation with a biotinylated signaling probe. The electrochemical enzyme-amplified assay allowed unambiguous identification of all genetically modified samples, while no significant non-specific signal was detected in the case of all negative controls.