Functional activity and microbial community structure in soils amended with bimetallic sludges

Heavy metal availability, microbial biomass and respiration, bacterial diversity and enzyme activity were studied in soils from long-term field experiments contaminated with Mn–Zn- or Cd–Ni-rich sludge, incorporated into soils at two different rates. Soils that never received sludge were used as controls. Microbial biomass C content (BC) and soil respiration (CO2–C) were slightly reduced in soils amended with Mn–Zn at the higher incorporation rate whereas in soils receiving Cd–Ni-rich sludge BC and respiration were unaffected. Metabolic quotient values (qCO2) calculated by the BC-to-CO2-C ratio were not significantly different, regardless of the sludge type whereas the microbial biomass C-to-total organic C (BC-to-TOC) ratios were significantly reduced in the soils receiving the higher rates of both sludge types. Phosphomonoesterase, b-glucosidase and arylsulfatase activities and hydrolase-to-BC ratios, were significantly reduced in soils amended with Ni–Cd-sludge at both rates, whereas the Mn–Zn-sludge only reduced the arylsulfatase activity at the higher rate. Protease activity was generally higher in all the sludge-amended soils as compared to control soils whereas urease activity was unaffected by sludge amendments. The structure of the bacterial community, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was different in the sludgeamended soils as compared to the respective controls. The most important changes were observed in the soils amended with high-level Ni–Cd sludge. Because some of the adverse effects were observed at moderate contamination levels, our results indicate that the presence of certain heavy metal combinations can be a serious limitation for sludge disposal