Synthesis of DEHP metabolites as biomarkers for CG-MS evaluation of phthalates as endocrine disrupters

Phthalates are used primarily as plasticizers to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft and flexible. In recent years the phthalate esters have attracted increasing attention as environmental and biomedical pollutants and, because of their toxicological characteristics. In particular, they are more and more recognized as endocrine disrupters. In this context, we describe herein an efficient synthetic pathway leading to a series of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Mono(2-ethylhexenyl) phthalate was used as starting material to obtain these products in good yield, large scale and GC–MS purity. The metabolites of DEHP were synthesized, for the first time, as biomarkers to verify their quantitative determination in human urine and serum by GC–MS analysis for studying the exposure to phthalates and establishing reference values.