Microbial activity and hydrolase synthesis in long-term Cd-contaminated soils

Alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase, beta-glucosidase, arylsulfatase, protease and urease activities, CO2-C evolution and ATP content were monitored in long-term Cd-contaminated (0-40 mg Cd kg(-1) dry weight soil) sandy soils, kept under maize or 'set aside' regimes, amended with plant residues. The organic matter input increased soil respiration, ATP contents and hydrolase activities in all soils. However, the Cd-contaminated soils had significantly higher metabolic quotients (qCO(2)), as calculated by the CO2-to-ATP ratio, and significantly lower hydrolase activities and hydrolase activity-to-ATP ratios for alkaline phosphomonoesterase, arylsulfatase and protease activities, compared with the respective uncontaminated soils. The ratios between acid phosphomonoesterase, beta-glucosidase and urease activities and ATP were unaffected. A significantly higher qCO(2)/mu, ratio, an expression of maintenance energy, was observed in most of the contaminated soils, indicating that more energy was required for microbial synthesis in the presence of high Cd concentrations. It was concluded that exposure to high Cd concentrations led to a less efficient metabolism, which was responsible for lower enzyme activity and synthesis and lower hydrolase activity-to-ATP ratios observed in these Cd-contaminated soils.