Expression of the PsMT A1 gene in white poplar engineered with the MAT system is associated with heavy metal tolerance and protection against 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine mediated-DNA damage

Marker-free transgenic white poplar (Populus alba L., cv ‘Villafranca’) plants, expressing the PsMTA1 gene from Pisum sativum for a metallothionein-like protein, were produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The 35SCaMV-PsMTA1-NosT cassette was inserted into the ipt-type vector pMAT22. The occurrence of the abnormal ipt-shooty phenotype allowed the visual selection of transformants, while the yeast sitespecific recombination R/RS system was responsible for the excision of the undesired vector sequences with the consequent recovery of normal marker-free transgenic plants. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of the 35SCaMV-PsMTA1-NosT cassette and transgene expression. Five selected lines were further characterized, revealing the ability to withstand heavy metal toxicity. They survived 0.1 mM CuCl2, a concentration which strongly affected the nontransgenic plants. Moreover, root development was only slightly affected by the ectopic expression of the transgene. Reactive oxygen species were accumulated to a lower extent in leaf tissues of multi-autotransformation (MAT)-PsMTA1 plants exposed to copper and zinc, compared to control plants. Tolerance to photooxidative stress induced by paraquat was another distinctive feature of the MAT-PsMTA1 lines. Finally, low levels of DNA damage were detected by quantifying the amounts of 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine in leaf tissues of the transgenic plants exposed to copper.