Applications of radiocarbon measurements in environmental studies at INFN-LABEC, Florence

Radiocarbon is one of the most widespread radionuclides in nature. Although it is probably best known for dating in archaeology, in the case of the general public, it represents a useful tracer to study our en- vironment, both in the past and nowadays. For instance, carbonaceous particles, which are in many cases the most abundant among aerosols constituents, are believed to play a major role in both health and cli- matic effects of aerosols. In particular, measurement of radiocarbon concentration in particulate matter samples can give information on the contributions of the fossil fuels combustion and of natural sources to the carbonaceous fraction in aerosols. These measurements are es- pecially effective when separately performed on different carbonaceous fractions, like elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC, respectively). Past climate is also studied thanks to old archives, as e.g. marine sed- iments can be. In this case, instead of radiocarbon dating the bulk sediment, a reliable method to fix chronological markers is represented by dating foraminifera tests of CaCO3 picked from different layers in the sediment. Both the aforementioned applications are characterized by the fact that the samples that can be collected for 14C measurements are typically very small, i.e. few mg or less (before any treatment). Ac- celerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is thus the only technique that can be applied to measure radiocarbon in such samples. Anyway, measure- ments cannot be so straightforward. In the case of the measurement of radiocarbon concentration in aerosol samples, a preparation line es- pecially dedicated to the extraction of only the carbonaceous fraction of interest is mandatory. Actually, this line should include a combus- tion oven, from which either total carbon or EC and OC can separately evolve, and a system of traps to purify and collect the CO2. In the case of foraminifera tests (inorganic carbon), special care must be taken in the pre-treatment phase: foraminifera can be contaminated by hetero- geneous materials, including organic matter too. Pre-treatment should thus remove all the possible contaminations without losing too much mass of the samples. Here we present an overview of the environmental radiocarbon applications the INFN-LABEC laboratory in Florence is involved in. 14C is measured by AMS, using the dedicated beam line installed at the 3 MV Tandem accelerator. In particular, details about the hardware and the experimental procedures are given.