Chemical composition of PM1 and PM2.5 at a suburban site in Southern Italy

Organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions (Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, Na+, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+), methanesulfonate (MSA−) and metals (Al, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ba, V) were monitored in PM1 and PM2.5 samples collected at a suburban site in south-eastern Italy, to contribute to the characterisation of fine particles in the Central Mediterranean. Mean mass concentrations are 13 μg/m3 and 22 μg/m3 in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. OC, EC, SO4 2−, NH4 +, NO3 −, K+ and Ca2+ are predominant components and account for 54% and 56% of the PM1 and PM2.5 mass, respectively. OC, EC, SO4 2−, NH4 +, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations lie in the range of the corresponding ones measured in PM1 and PM2.5 samples collected at suburban/urban Mediterranean sites. NO3 − and trace element concentrations lie in the range of the corresponding ones measured in PM1 and PM2.5 samples collected at remote/background Mediterranean sites. The biogenic nss-SO4 2− accounts for ~5% and 4% of nss-SO4 2− in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. The seasonal trend of the components partitioning and the interspecies correlation analysis in PM1 and PM2.5-1 indicated that the PM1 and PM2.5-1 components depend on season and are likely not controlled by similar sources, and/or similar generation processes, and/or similar transport patterns. The sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios were calculated to contribute to the understanding of the seasonal dependence of nitrate and sulfate concentrations in PM1 and PM2.5-1. The mass closure analysis showed that organic matter (OM), EC, and nitrate mass percentages are larger in autumn–winter. NH4 +, nss-SO4 2−, and crustal matter mass percentages are larger in spring–summer. Finally, the ratio of the crustal matter in PM1 to that in PM2.5-1, which is 0.2 and 0.3 in spring–summer and autumn–winter, respectively, and the higher (OM+EC) contribution in PM1 than in PM2.5-1 led to the conclusion that PM1 would be a better indicator for fine-anthropogenic particles than PM2.5.