PARP-1 activation causes neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region by increasing the expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors

An excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs)may trigger a form of neuronal death similar to that occurring in neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate this process,we exposed organotypic hippocampal slices to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 100 μM for 5 min), an alkylating agent widely used to activate PARP-1.MNNG induced a pattern of degeneration of the CA1 pyramidal cells morphologically similar to that observed after a brief period of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD).MNNG exposurewas also associated with a dramatic increase in PARP-activity and a robust decrease in NAD+ and ATP content. These effects were prevented by PARP-1 but not PARP-2 inhibitors. In our experimental conditions, cell death was not mediated by AIF translocation (parthanatos) or caspase-dependent apoptotic processes. Furthermore, we found that PARP activation was followed by a significant deterioration of neuronal membrane properties. Using electrophysiological recordings we firstly investigated the suggested ability of ADP-ribose to open TRPM2 channels in MNNG-induced cells death, but the results we obtained showed that TRPM2 channels are not involved. We then studied the involvement of glutamate receptor-ion channel complex and we found that NBQX, a selective AMPA receptor antagonist, was able to effectively prevent CA1 neuronal loss while MK801, a NMDA antagonist, was not active.Moreover,we observed thatMNNGtreatment increased the ratio of GluA1/GluA2 AMPAR subunit expression, which was associated with an inward rectification of the IV relationship of AMPA sEPSCs in the CA1 but not in the CA3 subfield. Accordingly, 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine (NASPM), a selective blocker of Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors, reducedMNNG-induced CA1 pyramidal cell death. In conclusion, our results show that activation of the nuclear enzyme PARP-1 may change the expression ofmembrane proteins and Ca2+ permeability of AMPA channels, thus affecting the function and survival of CA1 pyramidal cells.