Mixing, mingling and enclave crumbling in the post-Minoan dacitic magmas of Santorini volcano, Greece

The post-caldera islets of Palea- and Nea-Kameni formed as a result of nine eruptive events from A.D. 46-47 to 1950 in the center of the Santorini Minoan caldera. The erupted products are represented by dacitic lava flows and domes hosting basaltic to andesitic mafic enclaves. Dacitic rocks have low porphyritic index that increases with time, whereas their degree of evolution decreases pointing to the composition of the mafic enclaves. Enstatite contents of pyroxene and anorthite contents of plagioclase decrease from mafic enclaves to host lavas. Sr isotopes systematically increase with time and toward the less evolved composition of lavas and mafic enclaves, whereas Nd isotopes increase. Whole rocks and mineral separates of mafic enclaves from the younger eruptive events are more Sr-radiogenic than their host lavas; the opposite occurs in the A.D. 46-47 lavas and enclaves. Mixing and mingling processes between dacitic and mafic magmas, along with crumbling of the mafic enclaves in the host lavas are responsible for the observed textural and geochemical characteristics of the dacitic host lavas. The variations of Sr-Nd isotopes with time seem to indicate assimilation of limestone from the basement by the most mafic magmas, associated to new magma inputs and femic phase crystallization. A shallow layered reservoir with dacitic magmas overlaying lower mafic magmas is supported by our data. Crystal fractionation and cumulitic processes affect the lower part of the plumbing system allowing further layering of the mafic magmas generating the variable and complex textures shown by mafic enclaves. Different portions of the layered reservoir where frequently and variably sampled during time, as testified by variable types, compositions and distributions of mafic enclaves in different eruptions. All this allows us to suggest periodic arrivals of mafic magmas in the post-Minoan plumbing system of Santorini, also implying a still active magmatic system whose behaviour needs to be fully evaluated.