Emissions of ammonia in vertical and conventional systems of eggs production by hens

The production of eggs for human consumption is increasing. In 2003 it was around 1,022 trillion units, reaching 2011 with 1,220 trillion, providing a jump of 19.41%. This fact can be attributed to vertical creations systems, and can accommodate hundreds of thousands of laying hens in just a single installation. With increased production, simultaneously there is an increase of concerns for animal welfare and environmental issues. We compare the emission of ammonia from the vertical aviary, where the manure is often removed with conventional systems where the manure remain stored for a long period. It was observed that the vertical systems show lower ammonia concentrations (mean 3 ppm) compared to conventional (average of 12 ppm). By removing the manure often they are observed lower potential generation and emission of ammonia. Unlike when they are stored. Vertical systems have better health for animals and workers.