The use of solid biomass as cooking fuel is still predominant in developing countries. Indeed, around half of the world population relies on woody fuels to meet household energy needs using traditional and inefficient technologies. The use of biomass on a such vast scale has several negative effects on environment and human health. The substitution of traditional cooking devices with more efficient technologies is one of the most valuable options to reduce wood fuel demand with significant benefits for environment and biomass end users. These benefits regard the reduction of climate impact related to cooking activities, the decrease of anthropic pressure on forests, economic saving for the beneficiary households and the reduction of health pollutant emissions. Many efficient stove programmes have been implemented since the 1970s whose main target was to reduce the impact of biomass use on human health. In the last years, the mitigation potential of GHG emissions have become the predominant objective of stove projects. This is because after the adoption of the Kyoto protocol such programmes can claim access to carbon market as additional source of finance to overcome economic constraints which had limited success of many cookstove projects. This study analyses two cookstove carbon projects which are being implemented in Mozambique, one targeting the substitution of traditional charcoal stoves in Maputo and Pemba urban areas and the other the substitution of the traditional three-stone fire in Gilè natural reserve area. The aim is to assess environmental and social benefits related to these projects integrating laboratory and field data, assessing as well the entire woodfuel supply chains. Laboratory tests aim to provide an assessment of both traditional and improved stove efficiencies and emissions of GHG and other pollutants. Field tests provide real data on fuel consumption during baseline and project scenario, on efficient stove adoption and penetration among households, as well as on population perception of social and environmental benefits related to efficient cookstove usage. Laboratory tests show that efficient stoves, independently of the fuel used, have a better thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption and firepower. This is particularly evident for thermal efficiency which increases from 15% to 33% in the case of wood stoves and from 21% to 38% for charcoal stoves. The increase in CO2 emission factors in g/MJ of efficient stoves (49% for wood and 52% for charcoal efficient stoves) is also a sign of improved combustion efficiency which lead to a reduction of product of incomplete combustion which are dangerous both for environment and human health. The number of families involved in the Maputo/Pemba programme in September 2016 were 11,479, expected to rise to 19,888 by the end of 2017. 4.000 household will be involved in the Gilè programme starting from May 2017. Field data analysis shows that the use of CH2200 allows to significantly reduce charcoal consumption. Mean daily fuel reduction per household was 1.71 kg/day/hh during the first year and 1.46 kg/day/hh for the second year of project activity. As a result, GHG emission reduction achieved by March 2016 was 27,618 tons of CO2 equivalents. The programme is estimated to reduce 362,594 tons of CO2 equivalent by the end of 7th year of project activity. The methodology used to estimate emission reduction with the purpose of claiming carbon credit emission does not envisage the emission related to charcoal life cycle. Including such emission, the project could save up to 529,698 tons of CO2 eq., overall 46% higher. The calculation of potential emission reduction for Gilè programme is based on the baseline fuel consumption and the differences in stove thermal efficiencies calculated during laboratory tests. This is estimated to be 48,070 tons CO2 eq. Contribution to climate change is not only limited to GHG emissions but it is also related to other climate pollutants emitted as result of incomplete combustion. The use of efficient cooking technologies has the potential to reduce such pollutants. For Maputo/Pemba programme this reduction is estimated to be 17,872 tons CO2 eq. and 23,555 tons CO2 eq. for the Gilè project. It is not in the scope of this study to assess direct effect of air pollution on human health, however, the use of efficient cookstove has the potential to reduce exposure to such pollutants. For instance, Rocket Works stove reduces emission of fine particulate matter (PM1) up to 86% and CH2200 stove up to 57%. In Maputo and Pemba households use a substantial part of their budget to purchase charcoal. During the first year of project, thanks to the use of efficient stoves, families saved up to 116 US dollars. Such high saving allows them to payback the investment sustained to buy the stove in only 25 days. Charcoal production is one of the main causes of deforestation and land degradation, the reduction of charcoal demand achievable through Maputo/Pemba project activities have the potential to save up to 2,003 hectares of Miombo forests. In Gilè area the impact of cooking activities is estimated to be low, since only a small part of households cut trees for the purpose of wood harvesting. However, it is estimated that around 90 hectares can be saved with this project. This study is part of a wider research carried out by the GESAAF department of the University of Florence in collaboration with CarbonSink, a spinoff of the same university. Further research will be conducted in the following years on cookstove performance, efficiency drop over years and durability of project technologies. Furthermore, it has been planned to update laboratory equipment to include other substances in the pollutant analysis. Moreover, it is under study a monitoring campaign to assess household exposure to health damaging emissions.

Environmental and economic benefits due to substitution of traditional cook stoves in Mozambique / Antonio Guiso. - (2017).

Environmental and economic benefits due to substitution of traditional cook stoves in Mozambique

GUISO, ANTONIO
2017

Abstract

The use of solid biomass as cooking fuel is still predominant in developing countries. Indeed, around half of the world population relies on woody fuels to meet household energy needs using traditional and inefficient technologies. The use of biomass on a such vast scale has several negative effects on environment and human health. The substitution of traditional cooking devices with more efficient technologies is one of the most valuable options to reduce wood fuel demand with significant benefits for environment and biomass end users. These benefits regard the reduction of climate impact related to cooking activities, the decrease of anthropic pressure on forests, economic saving for the beneficiary households and the reduction of health pollutant emissions. Many efficient stove programmes have been implemented since the 1970s whose main target was to reduce the impact of biomass use on human health. In the last years, the mitigation potential of GHG emissions have become the predominant objective of stove projects. This is because after the adoption of the Kyoto protocol such programmes can claim access to carbon market as additional source of finance to overcome economic constraints which had limited success of many cookstove projects. This study analyses two cookstove carbon projects which are being implemented in Mozambique, one targeting the substitution of traditional charcoal stoves in Maputo and Pemba urban areas and the other the substitution of the traditional three-stone fire in Gilè natural reserve area. The aim is to assess environmental and social benefits related to these projects integrating laboratory and field data, assessing as well the entire woodfuel supply chains. Laboratory tests aim to provide an assessment of both traditional and improved stove efficiencies and emissions of GHG and other pollutants. Field tests provide real data on fuel consumption during baseline and project scenario, on efficient stove adoption and penetration among households, as well as on population perception of social and environmental benefits related to efficient cookstove usage. Laboratory tests show that efficient stoves, independently of the fuel used, have a better thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption and firepower. This is particularly evident for thermal efficiency which increases from 15% to 33% in the case of wood stoves and from 21% to 38% for charcoal stoves. The increase in CO2 emission factors in g/MJ of efficient stoves (49% for wood and 52% for charcoal efficient stoves) is also a sign of improved combustion efficiency which lead to a reduction of product of incomplete combustion which are dangerous both for environment and human health. The number of families involved in the Maputo/Pemba programme in September 2016 were 11,479, expected to rise to 19,888 by the end of 2017. 4.000 household will be involved in the Gilè programme starting from May 2017. Field data analysis shows that the use of CH2200 allows to significantly reduce charcoal consumption. Mean daily fuel reduction per household was 1.71 kg/day/hh during the first year and 1.46 kg/day/hh for the second year of project activity. As a result, GHG emission reduction achieved by March 2016 was 27,618 tons of CO2 equivalents. The programme is estimated to reduce 362,594 tons of CO2 equivalent by the end of 7th year of project activity. The methodology used to estimate emission reduction with the purpose of claiming carbon credit emission does not envisage the emission related to charcoal life cycle. Including such emission, the project could save up to 529,698 tons of CO2 eq., overall 46% higher. The calculation of potential emission reduction for Gilè programme is based on the baseline fuel consumption and the differences in stove thermal efficiencies calculated during laboratory tests. This is estimated to be 48,070 tons CO2 eq. Contribution to climate change is not only limited to GHG emissions but it is also related to other climate pollutants emitted as result of incomplete combustion. The use of efficient cooking technologies has the potential to reduce such pollutants. For Maputo/Pemba programme this reduction is estimated to be 17,872 tons CO2 eq. and 23,555 tons CO2 eq. for the Gilè project. It is not in the scope of this study to assess direct effect of air pollution on human health, however, the use of efficient cookstove has the potential to reduce exposure to such pollutants. For instance, Rocket Works stove reduces emission of fine particulate matter (PM1) up to 86% and CH2200 stove up to 57%. In Maputo and Pemba households use a substantial part of their budget to purchase charcoal. During the first year of project, thanks to the use of efficient stoves, families saved up to 116 US dollars. Such high saving allows them to payback the investment sustained to buy the stove in only 25 days. Charcoal production is one of the main causes of deforestation and land degradation, the reduction of charcoal demand achievable through Maputo/Pemba project activities have the potential to save up to 2,003 hectares of Miombo forests. In Gilè area the impact of cooking activities is estimated to be low, since only a small part of households cut trees for the purpose of wood harvesting. However, it is estimated that around 90 hectares can be saved with this project. This study is part of a wider research carried out by the GESAAF department of the University of Florence in collaboration with CarbonSink, a spinoff of the same university. Further research will be conducted in the following years on cookstove performance, efficiency drop over years and durability of project technologies. Furthermore, it has been planned to update laboratory equipment to include other substances in the pollutant analysis. Moreover, it is under study a monitoring campaign to assess household exposure to health damaging emissions.
2017
Paolo Spugnoli
ITALIA
Antonio Guiso
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