Two sides of the coin. Part 1. Lipid and surfactant self-assembly revisited

Hofmeister, specific ion effects, hydration and van der Waals forces at and between interfaces are factorsthat determine curvature and microstructure in self assembled aggregates of surfactants and lipids; and in microemulsions. Lipid and surfactant head group interactions and between aggregates vary enormouslyand are highly specific. They act on the hydrophilic side of a bilayer, micelle or other self assembled aggregate. It is only over the last three decades that the origin of Hofmeister effects has become generallyunderstood. Knowledge of their systematics now provides much flexibility in designing nanostructured fluids.The other side of the coin involves equally specific forces. These (opposing) forces work on the hydrophobic side of amphiphilic interfaces. They are due to the interaction of hydrocarbons and other“oils” with hydrophobic tails of surfactants and lipids. The specificity of oleophilic solutes in microemul-sions and lipid membranes provides a counterpoint to Hofmeister effects and hydration. Together withglobal packing constraints these effects determine microstructure. Another factor that has hardly been recognised is the role of dissolved gas. This introduces further,qualitative changes in forces that prescribe microstructure. The systematics of these effects and their interplay are elucidated. Awareness of these competing factors facilitates formulation of self assembled nanostructured fluids. New and predictable geometries that emerge naturally provide insights into a variety of biological phenomena like anaesthetic and pheromone action and transmission of the nervous impulse (see Part2).