Introduction

Mines, unexploded ordnances (UXOs), improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and other explosive remnants of war (ERW) pose a direct threat to the security of the citizens of NATO member and NATO partner countries and to regional development. Mines and UXOs are a persistent global threat, particularly in war-torn countries, and international cooperation is crucial to effectively address this challenge. In modern times, IEDs are the weapon of choice for terrorists around the world, and as such, there is a growing need for methods to quickly and effectively detect explosives in both military and civilian environments. Explosive detection and removal are extremely challenging as devices become more sophisticated and deadly due to advancements in materials, shapes, sizes and varieties. The high cost and general inaccessibility of state-of-the-art explosives detection devices, combined with the high risk and inefficiency of classic demining activities, and a lack of information and education on detection and clearance in danger zones present considerable challenges to peace and security. In line with the Brussels Summit Declaration in 2018, the Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme continues to support capabilities and technologies to address human, scientific and technological advancements in the field of Mine and UXO Detection and Clearance. Amongst others, SPS supports the development of new capabilities and technologies to tackle the significant threat posed by mines, UXOs and IEDs and to manage the consequences of their proliferation by cooperating with partners and international organizations to leverage the full potential of each stakeholder engaged in the global effort to manage explosive devices. Finally, the programme funds awareness-raising activities and the development of capabilities for long-term solutions.