Tuberculosis burden in immigrants and natives, adults and children, in Tuscany between 2000–2018

Background: Updated data on epidemiology of tuberculosis are needed in Italy. The aim of this study is to evaluate trends in incidence and associated lethality of tuberculosis in immigrants compared with Italians. Methods: All tuberculosis cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2018 in 31 Tuscan hospitals were retrospectively identified. Results: In 10,827 tuberculosis cases 6715 were males (62%), 4312 (60%) were Italian-born. Hospitalization rate was 15.37/100,000 population/year. The most common comorbidity were liver disease (832/10,827; 7.7%), COPD (675/10,827; 6.2%), cancer (614/10,827; 5.7%). HIV was more frequent in the immigrants (p < 0.001). Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases (EPTB) were mainly localized in pleura (740/3,894, 19%) and lymph nodes (449/3,894, 11,5%). HIV was associated with an increased risk of EPTB (OR 3.51 95% CI 2.92–4.23, p < 0.0001). EPTB risk was increased in South Asian-born patients (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.46–2.15, p < 0.0001) as well in African-born patients (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.24, p = 0.0091), who were at risk for gastroenteric tuberculosis (OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.69–5.22, p < 0.0001). Overall mortality rate was 0.006 per 1000. Most of death cases (89%) were Italians (p < 0.02) and mainly affected by pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Conclusions: In Tuscany, tuberculosis is still a health concern in terms of both morbidity and mortality.