The measurement of cosmic-ray individual spectra provides unique information regarding the origin and propagation of astro-particles. Due to the limited acceptance of current space experiments, protons and nuclei around the "knee"region (∼1 PeV) can only be observed by ground based experiments. Thanks to an innovative design, the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility will allow direct observation up to this energy region: the instrument is mainly based on a 3D segmented, isotropic and homogeneous calorimeter which properly measures the energy of particles coming from each direction and it will be made of about 7500 LYSO cubic crystals. The read-out of the scintillation light is done with two independent systems: the first one based on wave-length shifting fibers coupled to Intensified scientific CMOS cameras, the second one is made of two photo-diodes with different active areas connected to a custom front-end electronics. This photo-diode system is designed to achieve a huge dynamic range, larger than 107, while having a small power consumption, few mW per channel. Thanks to a good signal-to-noise ratio, the capability of a proper calibration, by using signals of both non-interacting and showering particles, is also guaranteed. In this paper, the current design and the performance obtained by several tests of the photo-diode read-out system are discussed.
Development of the photo-diode subsystem for the HERD calorimeter double-readout / Adriani O.; Antonelli M.; Basti A.; Berti E.; Betti P.; Bigongiari G.; Bonechi L.; Bongi M.; Bonvicini V.; Bottai S.; Brogi P.; Castellini G.; Checchia C.; Casaus J.; Cui X.; Dong Y.; D'Alessandro R.; Detti S.; Giovacchini F.; Finetti N.; Maestro P.; Marrocchesi P.S.; Liu X.; Marin J.; Martinez G.; Mori N.; Pacini L.; Papini P.; Pizzolotto C.; Ricciarini S.; Spillantini P.; Starodubtsev O.; Stiaccini L.; Tang Z.; Tiberio A.; Vannuccini E.; Velasco M.; Wang R.; Wang Z.; Xu M.; Zampa G.; Zampa N.; Zhang L.. - In: JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION. - ISSN 1748-0221. - ELETTRONICO. - 17:(2022), pp. P09002.1-P09002.17. [10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/P09002]
Development of the photo-diode subsystem for the HERD calorimeter double-readout
Adriani O.;Berti E.;Betti P.;Bongi M.;Bottai S.;Checchia C.;D'Alessandro R.;Mori N.;Ricciarini S.;Starodubtsev O.;Tiberio A.;Vannuccini E.;
2022
Abstract
The measurement of cosmic-ray individual spectra provides unique information regarding the origin and propagation of astro-particles. Due to the limited acceptance of current space experiments, protons and nuclei around the "knee"region (∼1 PeV) can only be observed by ground based experiments. Thanks to an innovative design, the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility will allow direct observation up to this energy region: the instrument is mainly based on a 3D segmented, isotropic and homogeneous calorimeter which properly measures the energy of particles coming from each direction and it will be made of about 7500 LYSO cubic crystals. The read-out of the scintillation light is done with two independent systems: the first one based on wave-length shifting fibers coupled to Intensified scientific CMOS cameras, the second one is made of two photo-diodes with different active areas connected to a custom front-end electronics. This photo-diode system is designed to achieve a huge dynamic range, larger than 107, while having a small power consumption, few mW per channel. Thanks to a good signal-to-noise ratio, the capability of a proper calibration, by using signals of both non-interacting and showering particles, is also guaranteed. In this paper, the current design and the performance obtained by several tests of the photo-diode read-out system are discussed.
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