Data portability and competition: Can data portability increase both consumer surplus and profits?

We study how data portability affects consumer surplus and firms’ profits in a twoperiod model with a switching cost where two firms compete under a non-negative pricing constraint. The firms can circumvent the constraint by tying another complementary free service (called ”freebies”) with the original service. We consider a general framework of incomplete pass-through of freebies into consumer benefit, which includes the two extreme cases of no pass-through and full pass-through as special cases. Regarding the effect on consumer surplus, data portability involves a trade-off between intensifying competition after consumer lock-in and reducing rent dissipation before consumer lock-in. We find that for an intermediate range of passthrough rates, data portability increases both consumer surplus and profits.